名詞nouns
名詞的種類：具體的concrete 普通名詞common noun
可數的 countable
集合名詞collective noun 可數的 countable
物質名詞 material noun 不可數的uncountable
專有名詞proper noun 不可數的uncountable
抽象的 abstract 抽象名詞abstract noun 不可數的uncountable
1普通名詞：同類的人、地、事、物所共用的名稱。如：boy, dog, book, city…
有單複數之區別，可加冠詞或數詞。
☆單數普通名詞 複數普通名詞
一般用法 前面要加冠詞a, an或 the 前面不需要冠詞
A cat is cute. /
Cats are cute.
The cat is cute.
不定用法 前面要加不定冠詞a, an 前面不需要冠詞
He has an apple. / They are students.
特定的用法 前面要加定冠詞the
前面要加定冠詞the
The book on the desk is new. / The
books on the desk are old.
抽象用法 前面要加定冠詞the
The pen is
mightier than the sword.
/ X
文勝於武
修飾用法 做形容詞用
a bus station a police
officer / X
☆普通名詞指同類的全體有三種方法
A train is fast.
The train is fast.
Trains are fast.
2集合名詞： 同類的人、事、物所組成的集合體。
如：class, crowd, family, people,
police, public, team, hair…
1班
There are 90 classes in our school.
班上的同學This class are
singing songs.
2家庭
There are a few families in this village.
全家人 My family are all well.
3人
Many people are waiting in line.
民族 The Chinese are an industrious people.
4警察 The
police are busy
there.
5頭髮 His
hair is long. He has two gray hairs.
the crowd 群眾/ the public眾人
3物質名詞：沒有一定形態的物質名稱。是不可數名詞。Give him some food.
a食品 飲料
food, meat, fish, rice, bread,
butter, fruit, sugar, salt, milk, tea, coffee, wine, water, chicken, beef,
pork, medicine…
b材料
glass, grass, paper, chalk, gold, money, soap…
c液體 氣體… air,
gas, water, oil, rain, snow, rain, ice, wind, fire, smoke…
☆物質名詞如要表數量時，可加量詞。
a bag of rice a bowl of rice
a cup of tea a box of butter
two glasses of milk a cake of soap
a sheet / piece of paper a body of water
a piece of chalk/ news a pound of sugar
a loaf of bread a yard of cloth
a bottle of wine a liter of gas
4專有名詞：表特定的一人 一事 一物所專用的名詞。
人名 地名 書名 機構名 星期 月 山 河 湖 節日 國名 天體名
☆專有名詞前面不加冠詞，但有些要加the，例如：
1山2河3沙漠4大洋5船隻6群島
7大型建築物（飯店 戲院 動物園）8國家全名
5抽象名詞: 無形狀，表示性質，動作，狀態，學科，疾病等。
age,
art, love, history, hope, beauty, work, time, music…
☆不可數名詞泛指全部時，不加the I like music/ coke.
☆單數名詞前面不加冠詞
1球類/ 遊戲 play baseball play chess下棋
2by+交通工具 by
bus/ car/ train…
3三餐
eat breakfast
4片語
go to school/ bed / church/ class/ work/ hospital
at school/ work
in class/ bed/ hospital
☆複數名詞沒單數形
a pair of glasses/ pants/ shorts/
chopsticks…
複數名詞的形成
＊規則的複數變化：
1名詞+s: books, cats
2字尾是s, z, x, sh, ch +es :
glasses, classes,
boxes, buses, watches, coaches
3子音+y, 去y, +ies:
babies, flies,
cities, ladies
4子音+o, +es: heroes, potatoes, tomatoes, 例外 photos/pianos
母音+o, +s : radios, zoos
5字尾是f, fe, 去 f, fe, +ves:
wives, halves一半, leaves葉子, shelves書架, thieves小偷, lives生命…
例外roofs
＊不規則變化
1 ox-oxen; child
children; foot-feet; tooth-teeth;
mouse-mice; man-men;
woman-women…
2 單複數同形deer, fish, sheep, Chinese, Japanese…
複數名詞的發音
1單數名詞的字尾為無聲子音 [p],[k],[t],[f] 時，發/s/
2單數名詞的字尾為有聲子音[l],[m],[n],[g],[b],[v],[d]…和母音時，發/z/
3單數名詞的字尾為[s],[z],[ ʃ ],[
tʃ ], [dʒ ]等音時，發/ ɪ z/
例外house /s/ houses /z ɪ z/
month /
mʌnθ/ months / mʌnθs/
mouth / maʊθ/ mouths
/ maʊ ð z/ 雙母音
物質名詞的單位
a bag of rice,
flour 一袋米 麵粉
a body of
water 一片汪洋 水
a bottle of
water, wine, beer 一瓶水 酒 啤酒
a bowl of
rice 一碗飯
a box of
butter 一盒奶油
a cake of
soap 一塊肥皂
a cup of tea,
coffee 一杯茶 咖啡 熱
a liter of
gas 一公升汽油
a loaf of
bread 一條麵包
two loaves of bread
a glass of
milk, wine, water 一杯牛奶 酒
水 冷
a piece of
chalk, meat, paper, bread, news, information, advice
一支粉筆
一片肉 一張紙 一片麵包
一則消息 一份資訊 一個忠告
a pound of
sugar 一磅糖
a yard of
cloth 一碼布
(a pair of gloves,
shorts, jeans, socks, glasses, pants, chopsticks )
一雙手套
短褲 牛仔褲
短襪 眼鏡 長褲 筷子
沒有留言:
張貼留言