There is / There are

There is / There are (有~)

基本句型：There  is   + 單數名詞 /不可數名詞

                 are  + 複數名詞

            C    V       S         

eg. There is a boy in the room. There is a lot of rain. There are many people in the park.

中文：   （在   地方）有              *be動詞的單複數由主詞S決定。

肯定句：There is a book in the desk.

否定句：There is not a book in the desk.

疑問句：Is there a book in the desk?  Yes, there is.  (No, there isn’t.)

                            用there問，用there回答

縮寫：  （O）there’s   /（X）there’re

注意：

*名詞不特定，只能有數量，不能有定冠詞the / 所有格 / 指示形容詞this ….

*not副詞不直接修飾名詞，所以後面加a, one, two…再接名詞(不可用the)

*no是形容詞，後面可直接加名詞（單數 複數 不可數名詞）

There is not a table in the room.     = There isn’t any +單數或不可數名詞

There are not two girls in the room.  =There aren’t any + 複數可數名詞

O There is no book on the desk.     /      XThere is not book on the desk.

O There are no books on the desk.  /       XThere are not books on the desk.

O There are not two books on it.   /        XThere are no two books on it.

注意句型：

1What is there in the box?  There is a rabbit./ There are two rabbits.

  注意  用there問，用there答

  不管答案是單 複數，題目皆用單數問，因為what是主詞。（問時，不知單複數）

  同Who is singing in the room?  Tom is.  / Tom and Tony are.

How many people are there in your family?

How many seasons are there in a year?

2可接上地方副詞及時間副詞

There are many tests every day in junior high.

There is an apple on the table in the kitchen.

There is a lot of rain in Taiwan in summer.

3倒裝句句型 ： 地方副詞 + is / are + 名詞     (注意沒有have)

              

       去掉   There  is/are  + 名詞 +地方副詞

There is a tree behind the house.

  Behind the tree  is   a tree.   be動詞的單複數由主詞S決定。

    C             V    S

  There are three birds in the tree.

  In the tree are three birds.

In the kitchen are two boys washing the dishes.

4名詞之後接上分詞當作補語

句型：There is / are 名詞 + Ving + 地方副詞

There   be   S   + Ving

 There are five boys playing in the park. 用現在分詞

Are there two pictures on the wall? Yes, there are two.   No, there are three.

There was a boy taken to the hospital.(有個男孩被送去醫院。)

       男孩被送去，故用過去分詞，taken之前不得有be動詞

There are many parents worrying about their children’s future.

There will be one thousand students joining the activity.

there is

基本句型：There  is   + 單數名詞 /不可數名詞

                 are  + 複數名詞

            C    V       S         

中文：   （在   地方）有              *be動詞的單複數由主詞S決定。

肯定句：There is a book in the desk.

否定句：There is not a book in the desk.

疑問句：Is there a book in the desk?  Yes, there is.  (No, there isn’t.)

                            用there問，用there回答

縮寫：  （O）there’s                      （X）there’re

注意：

*not副詞不直接修飾名詞，所以後面加a, one, two…再接名詞(不可用the)

*no是形容詞，後面可直接加名詞（單數 複數 不可數名詞）

There is not a table in the room.

There are not two girls in the room.

There is no book on the desk.           X There is not book on the desk.

There are no books on the desk.       X There are not books on the desk.

There are not two books on it.          X There are no two books on it.

注意句型：

1 What is there in the box?  There is a rabbit.

                           There are two rabbits.

  注意  用there問，用there答

  不管答案是單 複數，題目皆用單數問，因為what是主詞。（問時，不知單複數）

  同Who is singing in the room?  Tom is.  / Tom and Tony are.

2 倒裝句

  There is a tree behind the house.

  Behind the tree  is   a tree.   be動詞的單複數由主詞S決定。

     C             V    S

  There are three birds in the tree.

  In the tree are three birds.

3 There be S + Ving

 There are five boys playing in the park.

Are there two pictures on the wall?

         Yes, there are two.   No, there are three.

分數

分數

☆分子用基數  分母用序數  分子大於2，分母要加s

☆簡單的分數以序數來表現

1/2 a half, one half    1/3 a third, one third    1/4 one fourth, a quarter       1/8 an eighth , one eighth 

3/7  three sevenths   3/4 three fourths, three quarters

  3/4 hour (three quarters of an hour) 7/10 mile (seven tenths of a mile)

☆帶分數1  1/2 (one and half)  (one and a half kilometers)         1  5/9 one and five ninths  

☆複雜的分數以over或by來表示

317/509  three hundred and seventeen over five hundred and nine

(half, part, 分數→單數  複數皆可用)

Half (of) my friends are tall.   Half (of) the book is broken.    Half (of) my water is drunk.

Half of +人稱代名詞時，of不可省略     Half of us will come.

用於度量或數量時，不用of             My home is half a mile from here.  I need half a dozen eggs.

超過一，就用複數                      I waited for one and a half hours.

part (n.)   Only part of an iceberg is above the water.       Parts of the book are good.

(a.) part of 表示一部分時，後面接單數名詞，動詞用單數。Part of the problem is money.

                                  複數名詞        複數  Part of the students live in Tainan.

   part of之前有形容詞才用a        A large part of the money was stolen.

間接問句

間接問句當「名詞子句」

※    由疑問詞引導的間接問句當「名詞子句」，可當受詞、補語、主詞。

I know who she is.                 當受詞

This is where he lives.              當補語

Where he lives is important to me.  當主詞

＊由直接問句改成間接問句應注意：

1 be動詞放回 主詞 後：

    I don’t know what time it is.

    Tell me who she is.

    He knows how many people there are in my family.

    Ask him who the man in green pants  is.   形容詞片語  請勿與所修飾名詞分開

    I know who the boy sitting over there  is.  形容詞片語  請勿與所修飾名詞分開

2 a.無意義的助動詞（do, does, did）去掉，並注意動詞的適當變化。

    We don’t know where they live.     (Where do they live? )

Do you know what John wants?    （What does John want?）

    I’d like to know where Mary went. （Where did Mary go?）

    Tell me how it happened.          （How did it happen?）

 b.否定時（don’t, doesn’t, didn’t），則放回主詞後。

    He knows what she doesn’t like.     （What doesn’t she like?）

    I’ll tell you who I don’t love.        （Who don’t I love?）

3有意義的助動詞（can, will, shall, may, could, would, should,

might, have, has…），放回主詞後。

    Don’t ask me what I can’t say.       （What can’t I say?）

    Do you know when she will come?   （When will she come?）

    He knows why you should leave so early.

（Why should you leave so early?）

4疑問詞當 主詞  時，照抄。

    I know what happened to him.

    I know what is happening in the house.

    I know who did it.

    I know who locked the door.

    I know which team won the game.

    I know what is wrong.

    I know what is the matter with you.

※用於be動詞或助動詞的疑問句（沒有疑問詞）

*whether引導名詞子句

I ask him             whether he is coming.

I wasn’t sure         whether you’d like it.

I wonder             whether we should invite her or not.

I can’t make up my mind whether to tell her the true.

I am not interested in whether you like me or not.

Whether he will come is important. ＝ It is important whether he will come.

*通常if可代換whether （if當然不用or not）

＊ 接在ask, see, try, wonder, know…之後的if引導名詞子句，當「是否」。

   I asked him if （=whether）he would go with me.

   I wonder   if （=whether）it will rain tomorrow.

S   V      O （if引導名詞子句，時式以原時式即可）

                  （我不知道明天是否會下雨。）

＊但下列情況，whether不可代換if

1在不定詞之前

The question is whether to go or stay.

She doesn’t know whether to get married now or not.

2在介系詞之後

It depends on whether you’re ready or not.

I haven’t settled the question of whether I’ll go back home.

3在名詞之後

I can answer you the question whether he is ready.

4whether當主詞時，且置於句首

Whether we need it is a different matter.

5句中有or not

It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not.

6 whether子句當補語時

The problem is whether we need it.

Let me know whether you are coming. 告訴我你來不來

        v     o  名詞子句

Let me know if you are coming.       如果你要來告訴我

             Adv.副詞子句

I don’t know whether he will come or not.

            whether or not he will come.

We discussed whether we should close the store.

              ==if

You’ll have to pay whether you want to or not.

*if和 whether 也可以引導副詞子句，但要注意未來式。

＊    We will stay at home if it rains tomorrow.（如果明天下雨，我們會留在家。）

主要子句（未來式或現在式）＋if（現在式）條件子句

此句表現在或未來有可能的假設，if後引導的是條件子句，只能用現在式。

*whether 引導副詞子句

I am going to go, whether you like it or not.

Whether you do it now or later, it’s got to be done something.

Whether he comes or not, the result will be the same.

Whether you go to your place or stay home, we have still got to find something to eat.